The so-called Y-type urethral duplication: anatomical insights through controversial terminology

Y-type urethral duplication presented with perineal fistula in a boy

Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly of the lower urinary system and has varied presentation. According to the Effmann classification, type IIA2-Y urethral duplication is characterized by the duplicated urethra originating from the bladder neck and opening into either the rectum or the perineum. The accessory urethra is normal and functional and the normally positioned dorsal ureth...

Urethral duplication.

Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly. Although a number of theories have been proposed to describe the embryology of the condition, the actual mechanism of the disorder is still unclear. We report here a case of urethral duplication in a 11-year-old boy complaining of a double stream, and review the current literature on this rare entity.

The so-called Stabilizer Theorem

Theorem 1.1 (Hrushovski’s Theorem 3.5). Let G be a definable group, X a definable subset, and G̃ be the ∨-definable group generated by X. Suppose all this data is defined over a model M . Suppose μ is an M-invariant translation-invariant ideal on subsets of G̃. Let q be a wide type over M , contained in G̃. Identify q with its ∧-definable set of realizations. Suppose (F) there exist two realizatio...

So-called hypertrophic emphysema.

Before discussing the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of this disease, clarification of some of the pertinent terminological definitions may be in order. Hypertrophic emphysema is the most commonly used designation of this disease. Also, it is known under the following names: genuine emphysema, idiopathic emphysema, diffuse vesicular emphysema, obstructive emphysema, dystrophlc emphysema, pul...

Anatomical Terminology